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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00302_Field_302.txt
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1996-12-31
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Once that critical trial had
occurred and subjects had been
questioned about seeing
anything else, they might on
subsequent trials expect to see
something else and thus devote
some attention to looking for it.
That is why we could only have
the one critical trial. We
compensated for the
comparatively little data
obtained from each subject by
using hundreds of subjects. And
with each subject we ran trials
after the critical one, on the
last of which we instructed the
subject to ignore the task of
comparing the lengths of the
lines of the cross. Thus subjects
had no primary task and
undoubtedly expected the
critical stimulus to be
presented. Since the time
allowed was the same brief
period, responses on this last
trial informed us of what could
be seen in the brief interval
when attention was deployed.
I have already alluded to one
of our results in discussing
perceptual grouping: When a
Gestalt array of elements was
unexpectedly presented along
with the cross, grouping on the
basis of proximity or similarity
did not occur. A more striking
finding was that subjects often
were completely unaware that
anything aside from the cross
had been presented. We refer to
this as inattentional
blindness. Even more
surprising was that when we
presented the cross elsewhere
on the retina than in the
central fovea, and on the
critical trial presented the
unexpected stimulus precisely
where the subject was fixating
(i.e., foveally), not only did
inattentional blindness occur,
but its incidence increased, to
more than 60 percent of the
subjects. This result suggests
that subjects had learned to
disregard or inhibit objects in
the central region of vision
because, on the first few trials,
the cross was always centered
off the fovea.